girl interrupted review Essay -- essays research papers

One popular cultural myth astir(predicate) the mentally ill is the arche cause of the "Sexy Crazy Girl", which weve seen in movies, comic books, and music. Losing your grip with reality is not a glamorous subject, but thats not what you get from Girl, Interrupted. It is apparent that all the girls in the movie had some type of dysfunctional personality, and bad things happen to some of them, but it just did not seem realistic. First off, most of the patients prtrayed were juvenile, which made the care facility look bid a youth home rather than a mental institution. but only the main (well known) stars, (Jolie and Ryder) were focal piont. Ill also note that about half the young girls in the movie, Ryder and Jolie included, simply dont look like girls in the 1960s. Maybe thats a difficult statement to explain, but it has to do with that certain look each eon and generation seems to have and Ryder and Jolie dont look like girls of the 1960s. Of course, one could easily say that their displacement is part of their condition... but I didnt buy it. To finish this paragraph about this films inconsistent appearances, Ill mention how convenient it seems that with the exception of one extra, nearly the entire cast of patients in this ward are under the age of 25 or so. Mental illness strikes women of all ages, so it was a bit perplexing to see it portrayed as a thing of youth. This also feeds into my prior statement about making "going crazy" look cool... this movie ...

similarities and differences in ancient civilizations :: essays research papers

Ancient civilizations have a lot of similarities and differences. The two civilizations are the Aryans and the Shang. The Aryans ruled over India from 1500 B.C. to 1000B.C. The Shang ruled over chinaware from 1750 B.C. to 1122 B.C. The Aryans and Shang had similarities and differences in writing, religion, and Technology.There are umteen similarities and differences in writing in the Aryans and Shang dynasties. The Aryans used Sanskrit as their method of writing. The Shang used a method of making symbols for nearly e rattling word and the symbols would look like what the word meant. The Shang later used calligraphy. Modern Chinese is still related to the ancient character system, which had no first rudiment and still doesnt.There are many similarities and differences in religion in the Aryan and Shang dynasties. The Aryans and Shang both had polytheistic beliefs. The Shang mainly worshiped a god called Shang Ti, which meant lord on high. He was the god who ruled over all other n ature gods. The Aryans also believed that there was one god who created everything referred to in an important hymn. Both dynasties do sacrifices to their gods. These sacrifices were very important to their religions.There are many similarities and differences in technology in the Aryan and Shang dynasties. Both the Shang and Aryans had a lot of farmers. Farming was a very important part of their lives. They both used methods of irrigation. They used farming to their advantage by using what comes natural to their area and trading with other areas. The Shang discovered many metals such as tin and bronze and you can see that they used these very much in their art pieces.

Divorce Essay -- Social Issues, Children

Divorce is viewed differently by many great deal. Sometimes this is due to experiences, what others collect said, or looking at studies that are not al authoritys accurate. However, not everyone can have the same views about marriage ending in divorce. In the article, No Easy Answers Why the Popular View of Divorce Is Wrong by Constance Ahrons she shows her view on divorce. Ahrons believes that divorce does not have long-lasting disconfirming effects on children (65). Divorce can affect children in the family but the way the decisions are made is what go out change the way the kids are influenced. source of all, opposing viewpoints say that divorce can cause the child to feel like their life is not going to be the same. In contrast, this is not a highly supported statement. One thing that is commonly stated about divorce is, once two married parents with children decide to divorce, that they are no hourlong a family (66). Although, they may not be living together in the same ho use it does not mean they are still not a family. No matter what, the parents will always be linked to each other because of the children. Is that not the definition of a family? In addition, assumptions are made that if people are married with kids that they are an ideal family This is not the case, if the marriage is not working out and is only causing problems amongst the parents and kids than that is not considered a family either. Divorce does not cause children to put down their family, if anything it helps to fix them. Moreover, people say that kids feel like their life will have to change drastically because they will have to lose one of their parents. Divorce does not mean that the children will drop a relationship with one of their parents. Some divorces may be like... ...e fairly small or big but either way the child is changed in some way. No matter how people view divorce, there is no wrong viewpoint. In the end, the effects are rarely long-term on the children. In conclusion, divorce is an extremely diverse subject, and it is going to be viewed in a different way by many individuals based on their experiences. Sometimes divorce can be the best thing for the couple as well as the child. If a marriage is only there for the child then that could affect them just as much as a divorce (65). The outcome on how full the effects are on a child after divorce can vary. It is all revolved on how the parents handle the divorce what decisions and choices they chose to make will change the way the child is affected. When it comes down to it, you can choose to see your family as rearranged, or you can choose to see it as broken (62).

Music and the Brain :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Music and the Brain Processing and Responding (A General Overview)For any individual who either avidly listens to or performs music, it is understood that many melodies have amazing effects on both our e operations and our perception. To address the effects of music on the brain, it seems most logical to initially single-valued function the auditory and neural pathways of sound. In the case of humans, the mechanism responsible for receiving and transmitting sound to the brain are the ears. Briefly stated, the outer ear (or pinna) catches and amplifies sound by funneling it into the ear canal. Interestingly, the outer ear serves only to boost high frequency sound dowers (1). The resonance provided by the outer ear also serves in amplifying a higher range of frequencies corresponding to the top octave of the piano key board. The air pressure wave travels through the ear canal to ultimately concern and vibrate the timpanic membrane (i.e.-- the eardrum). At this particular juncture, t he pressure wave energy of sound is translated into mechanical energy via the middle ear. Here, three small bones, the ossicles, vibrate in succession to produce a unique pattern of movements that embodies the frequencies contained in every sound we are capable of hearing. The middle ear is also an important component in what music we actually keep out of our head. The muscles grasping the ossicles can contract to prevent as much as two thirds of the sound from entry the inner ear. (1, 2) The mechanical motions of the ossicles directly vibrate a small membrane that connects to the fluid filled inner ear. From this point, vibration of the connective membrane (oval window) transforms mechanical motion into a pressure wave in fluid. This pressure wave enters and hence passes vibrations into the fluid filled structure called the cochlea. The cochlea contains two membranes and between these two membranes, are alter neurons or receptors called Hair cells. Once vibrations enter the cochl ea, they cause the lower membrane (basilar membrane) to move in respect to the upper membrane (i.e. --the tectorial membrane in which the copper cells are embedded). This movement bends the sensory hair cells to cause receptor potentials in these cells which in turn cause the release of transmitter onto the neurons of the auditory nerve. In this case, the hair cell receptors are very pressure sensitive. The greater the force of the vibrations on the membrane, the more the hair cells bend and hence the greater the receptor potential generated by these hair cells.

Automation in the Field of Law :: Technology Research Papers

Automation in the Field of LawMissing Works Cited The question of what should be alter in our world is one that deserves serious contemplation. In a time when technology seems to race past our population at an incredible rate, the thought of our intact world being automated is not a radical concept. It has been predicted that in the near future, eery aspect of our bon ton will contain some mannequin of automation. But what is automation exactly? A Websters Dictionary for college students defines automation as the handling and fabrication of materials by automatic machinery, especially when no mapping of the process is done by hand.1 The same source gives the definition of automatic as operated by self-acting machinery.2 My idea of automation is a machine taking over a job that a human used to perform in such a way that the machine acts on its own to accomplish the line. Webster seems to aim at automation under the terms of machinery but in our world today, most of th e automation we ar concerned with involves computers. Computers are said to be a billion times faster than human beings and are known for their capability to hold more information than humans ever could. So in a world where automation is beginning to gain more and more ground on a daily basis, most aspects of our society have seen its effects. This is especially true for the field of law. There is an important need in this field to remain organized in found for it to be successful. This task requires that billions of laws be filed in an efficient way so they can be accessed on a daily basis by lawyers and judges in order to formulate case arguments and decisions. Now that computers are an essential part of our business world, it seems obvious that some type of automation such as a package program should be introduced into the field of law to help remain organized. But beyond the simple computer program, what about the thought that the whole system itself could be automated? Believe it or not, this thought is already being discussed, and systems are already being designed for that purpose. In the following paper, I will speak about three different types of automation currently used or proposed for use in the legal system.

Disillusionment in All My Sons by Arthur Miller Essay -- Arthur Miller

Disillusionment in All My Sons by Arthur MillerOne of the central themes of All My Sons is the disillusionment of the young, and this theme can be traced through the character Chris, who comes to be disenchanted with his family, society and himself by realizing that none of these is as moral as he once believed. When he finally finds come out through questioning his father that his father is, in fact, guilty of knowingly shipping out the cracked cylinder heads, he says to his father What the hell ar you? Youre not even an animal, no animal kills his own, what are you? What must I do to you? I ought to tear the tongue out of your mouth, what must I do? This is the point where Chris becomes disillusioned with his family. His father is guilty of doing the law-breaking, and his mother is guilty of hiding the information. Chris now believes that his father is worse than an animal and is disgusted that he has lived with his parents since the crime happened without being aware of it. He sees his parents now as evil people rather than role models, and feels that if even his parents are capable of such a thing, past society as a whole must be the same or worse, because he tells his father that he once believed him to be better than closely men. He says Thats the principle the only one we live by it just happened to kill a few people this time, thats all. The worlds that way, how can I take it out on him? He now believes that everyone in society is only looking out for his or he...

Globalisation & Liberalisation

According to Herman E Daly, globalisation serves the villous of a single, cosmopolitan, compound global sparing. This comment focuses on the brand border driving of goods, services and resources (financial and human) impacting on the domestic and global assets and employment. globalisation, thus focuses on an integrated frugal world in which the economy is a single securities industry characterized by trade and Investment flows, cross border scotch activities In business, Investment financing, movement of capital, technology, labor, transnationalization of consumption, capital, and services.Economic liberations is the gateway of globalisation and financial liberation plays the most crucial role in integration of star neutron economy on the global frugal network. However, very often the name liberations and globalisation be used simultaneously. Important instruments of liberations atomic number 18 regulation of financial market to altogetherow foreign capital, fore ign investment, to and fro flow of capital etc. decrement of tariff and non-tariff barriers of trade, simplifications of customs measures etc.For successful global Integration a country must move to economic liberalizing by dismantling entry barriers and Licensing system, reduction in physical restrictions on imports, reduction in control n capital and current account, reforming financial system and origin up financial market to secret (domestic and foreign) players, removing controls on foreign capital (FDA and portfolio) flow to the country etc. Globalization however, Is not a new phenomena of the current world activities.Economic historians have traced two fond waves of globalization. The first wave of globalization spread over 1 870 1914 epoch the second wave of globalization began roughly in 1960 and continuing. The current wave of globalization is much faster and deeper. Globalization today is fundamentally a new economic phenomenon, and a process to set up a new economi c order globally increased integration and Interdependence of production, consumption and services. The present wave of banquets Volvo.V turn off 1, January 2005 Globalization and vitality Insurance gallstones NAS slantingly Innocence meliorate speculation In resource allocation, productivity enhancement and strong point and greater innovation, adaptability and utilization of technology which has necessitated the need for cross border economic activity for all the countries. Resource mobility has not only reduced the address of production and distribution but also boosted rival across the order.Drivers of Globalization The present wave of globalization has been signifi pecktly influenced by advances in teaching and computer technology, increased flow of trade and capital. Improved specialization in resource allocation, productivity enhancement and specialization and greater innovation, adaptability and utilization of technology which has necessitated the need for cross bord er economic activity for all the countries. These have not only reduced the cost of production and distribution but also boosted competition across the border.Therefore important drivers of globalization are expansion of International Trade, Internationalization of Financial Market and Migration, Baldwin and Martin (1999) observed identify aspects of globalization namely Trade, investment, migration and Factor prices , Capital flows and Markets, and Industrialization and Income Convergence and Divergence. Both waves of globalization were driven by radical reduction in technical and policy barriers to international transactions. But the uniqueness in new-fashioned globalization is heavily shaped by the dramatic reduction in communications cost, what is some terms referred to as the death of distance.Financial Globalization Advancement in information technology, innovation in financial products, and increase in trade and services provided boost to the cross border flow of capital. Capital Mobility is considered as an indicator of financial integration. Other indicator being gross stocks of foreign assets and liabilities. We shall discuss this in detail the partitioning Financial Globalization The process of Globalization is strongly support by Financial Globalization.There is an inextricable relation between increased international trade in goods and services and the increased flow of international UAPITA. It is because increased trade is followed by increase in payments, banking service, hedging etc. Stock markets, as we have far-famed in the beginning, has replaced the role of Banking to a great extent as a financier to corporate and development funds. Stock markets, in a globally integrated financial market facilitate risk sharing, improve efficiency of resource allocation, impact saving(a)s decisions and provide liquidity thus supporting faster economic growth.Globally integrated stock markets facilitates economic growth in several ways namely Banquet s Volvo. V Issue 1, January 2005 021 Improve much name eloquently In ten market Prove prudent resource allocation prospects Create an environment for flow of savings thus reducing uncertainty of capital in the market Reduce risks through global diversification Liberalized and internationally integrated stock markets thus boost economic growth. Benefits of Financial Globalization Liberations and globalization produces colossal benefits to the countries integrated.Liberations creates conducive climate for faster economic growth, allows upgrading of technology, provides scale economy, expansion of markets domestically and internationally. Economic integration through liberations can also expand Job opportunities in domestic market and through migration of labor in general. Financial Globalization produces higher economic growth through direct and indirect impact on economy . Liberations and globalization produce immense benefits to the countries integrated.Liberations creates conduci ve climate for faster economic growth, allows upgrading of technology, provides scale economy, expansion of markets domestically and internationally. Economic integration through liberations can also expand Job opportunities in domestic market and through gyration of labor in general. However, liberations of financial markets provides growth generating opportunities including the pursuance. By encouraging FDA, ontogenesis economies can import much needed technology, which would further generate spillovers for local firms.Saggy (2002) mentioned three types of potential channels of spillovers, namely Demonstration Effect, (local firms adopting multinational introduced technologies), labor overthrow switchover of trained labors to local firms (enabling technology diffusion) and vertical linkages (multinationals supplying technology to suppliers of intermediate goods). Global Financial integration augment much required domestic saving and boost up capital investment in investment star ved countries. It also provides avenues for meliorate allocation of capital and minimizes risk.Further, capital flow is accompanied by transfer of technology and finally assists in promoting healthy capital market. Indirect influences of globalization include promotion of globalization and integration of domestic economies which is followed by upward(a) the macro economic policy frame work and setting up economic institutions and better governance system. Financial Liberations has forced many countries to open up financial markets and relaxed the rules of intermediation allowing financial services institutions like investment banks, asset management companies, Mutual lines, Pension Funds etc. To operate in impudently liberalized markets. The forces of change unleashed by financial globalization, reenacted In Electroplating AT Dangling system, Increase In cross border financial activity increased competition in savings market convergence in financial services industry. B. Globali zation of Insurance Market Insurance is an integral part of national economy and a strong pillar of financial arrest. Therefore, waves of globalization have also deeply influenced the policy market worldwide. Financial Market Globalization has also been strongly supported by Globalization of Insurance.With the increase in Trade, Direct Investment and Portfolio Investment, there has been an ever growing demand for Insurance services particularly in the uphill markets. Globalization of Insurance market, as a part of the overall process of liberalizing in emergent and other countries enabled the foreign policy companies to enter in those countries and benefited both. The riving forces of insurance market globalization has been identified by Swiss Re (Sigma no(prenominal) 4/2000) as the push factors and Pull Factors.The Push factors are the motives behind the movement of foreign insurance companies while the pull factors are the motives behind allowing the foreign companies to operate in local market, l) Push factors Insurance Companies move out to emergent markets due to Increasing Global Trade , Growing Direct Investment , Potential Future Growth in Emerging Markets , Saturation in change countries and Strong growth in appear entries and expected Efficiency Gains through Diversification , Economics of scale etc it) Pull Factors The important pull factors in emerging markets Emerging Markets have Strong Economic growth and Trade, and there are substantial requirements of capital in Emerging Markets to cover major risks. There are several benefits to the countries allowing foreign insurance companies to operate in their countries which can be broadly classified into Economy colligate, and Insurance marked related Economy related benefits to the local country Foreign insurance companies along with local companies add further momentum to obligation of savings. Institutional net work in the savings market increases, which also influence the savings behavior of household and corporate savings.Resources and capital allocation in the Domestic Market increases with the increased sophistication brought by the foreign insurance companies It also improves the financial stability in the host country, as well as facilitates improvement in production and Trade. Banquets Volvo. V Issue 1, January 2005 023 Insurance market related benefits Capital structure of entire insurance industry improves because foreign companies brings fresh capital with them. Market efficiency improves due to information dissemination, global operating knowledge and increased competition. Management inclemency Increases Decease Torrent companies Drill Walt teem global experience and management innovation. Range of ready(prenominal) products increases because foreign companies bring with them a wide present of products and product development expertise.Customers service improves. Increased competition, technology led service, and cost competition finally benefits the c onsumers. Globalization also improves Regulatory and Governance system. It also improves market conduct and Ethical Business Standard. Jennifer Rankin (2003) mentions the following factors driving the insurance companies cross border activity. Many countries are moving away from protectionism and state control and taking more market driven approach especially in the insurance and financial services and opening up their markets to foreign companies. The process of Insurance globalization significantly influenced by the GOATS/WTFO.A major break through was achieved in 1997 with an agreement of Liberations of financial services following which 102 countries committed to remove entry barriers and liberalism their markets. The GOATS agreement offers legal security and protection to global insurance players. With the removal of entry barriers in emerging and less unquestionable countries there has been an increased flow of funds from developed countries to the emerging and less developed countries. According to Swiss Re (Sigma No. 4/2000) In recent years there has been a strong increase in the demand for insurance in the emerging markets. The average annual growth rate in the emerging markets has since 1990 been twice as high as industrial countries in both life and non-life insurance.There is already an indication of slow Roth and saturation of insurance market in industrially developed countries. During 2003, Global action business witnessed a decline of -0. 8%. However, emerging market life business grew by 6. 6% as against -1 . 7% decline in industrialized countries. In non life business, while industrialized countries achieved 5. 7% growth in real reward income, emerging markets registered 8. 5% growth rate in 2003. However, total premium income of emerging market in 2003, was US $ 314128 million which represented 10. 68% global premium income, whereas share of industrialized countries with US $ 2626542 million representing 89. 2% of global premium. This is an indication of huge potential emerging market.Globalization of Financial as well as Life Insurance Market is an inevitable phenomena. In the years to come the globalization of Insurance Market is going to speedup further. The impact of globalization will also be felt more in emerging markets which have exhibited better potential for growth in insurance market. Data provided in Table No. 1 and Table No. 2 shows that countries which have extensively opened up the Insurance 24 Market to the Private and Foreign Companies have achieved relatively better growth in insurance density and penetration. It has also been noted in India that growth of Insurance Market was faster in the post liberations extent than that in pre- Tatterdemalions pergola.However, one AT ten constraints AT Insurance Gallstones Is a small number of global players as noted by UNEVEN (2002). The insular insurance industry is largely a national industry rather than a global one. The number of truly global insurance players is in the range of 20 to 30 only. Another 70 companies operate significantly in more than one continent through branches. Only 1. 2% of global insurance premium comes from across border business. C. Impact of Liberations on Economic growth Research of Bernstein and others (1998) shows that FDA contributes more domestic growth than domestic investment. And also FDA is more reproductive than domestic investment.Liberations of capital markets attracts foreign investment which influences the price of equity thereby reducing the cost of capital. Research of Beakers and Harvey (2000) indicated that post liberalized regulatory reforms bring down the cost of capital and also help to increase inflow of capital. Financial liberations also imparts structural formats of capital markets, improves the closures, transparency and corporate governance which creates growth prospects in a liberalized country. It has been noted that the average per capita income is higher in the countries with more open economic policies and better global linkages, than in the countries with less openness in financial sector. Globalization has helped promote convergence of per capita incomes.Per capita incomes have grown faster in globalization developing countries (those lowering trade barriers) than in rich countries 5 per cent versus 2. 2 per cent in sass. Non globalization Developing countries have lagged behind. Finance and Development, March 2002. , UP). Resource (2002) has observed that the trend of rising inequality over the agone 200 years, primarily between countries, now appears to have been reversed, and the experience of the 19th century suggests that increased globalization will accelerate this decline. Parkas et al (2003) has noted that International Financial Integration can help to promote domestic financial sector development, which in turn can help to moderate macro economic volatility.However, thus far these benefits of financial integration appear to have accrued p rimarily to industrialized countries. D. Growth of Life Insurance in India Indian Life Insurance attention, since nationalization, has registered a significant growth and gradually increased its share in household financial savings. As noted in table 4, the sell of Insurance Funds has increased from 8. 7% in 1993-94 to 14. 9% in 2003-04, while the share of life insurance funds increased from 8% to 14. 5% during the same Banquets Volvo. V Issue 1, January 2005 025 per 00 Ana In terms AT GAP It NAS Increased Trot I Nils Is a gallants achievement of Life Insurance Industry which till recently represented by LICE of India.Growth in Life Fund is considered to be an important indicator of growth of Life Insurance Industry and as can be seen from the Table 4, LICE has performed exceedingly well. LICE, after nationalization of 256 Life Insurance Companies, started with a Life Fund of RSI. 410. 40 upshot, which in course of time increased rapidly and stood at RSI. 3,21 ,754 core in 2004. Similarly, the total assets of LICE has increased from RSI. 463 core in 1958 to core in 2004. High growth of Life Fund and Assets of LICE was possible due to significant growth in New Business, which got a boost during the Post Liberations period. First time in 1999, LICE sold more than one core (1. 8 core) policies in a single year, however, growth became faster during the post liberalized period and in 2002 it crossed the 2 core mark by selling 2. 25 core policy, which increased further to 2. 42 core in 2003. In 2004, New Business (AS) had gone up RSI 2,02,898. 14 core under 2,69,63,504 policies. broad(a) in force policies serviced by LICE by the end of 2004, stood at 15. 39 core under Sum Assured of RSI. 9,25,033. 33 core. Liberations of Indian Insurance market has provided further push of the Insurance Industry. By the end of March, 2004, there were 13 Life Insurance companies including LICE in the market, which has not only generated competition but also provided a wide range of product choice to the customers.An overall view of Indian Life Insurance market can be obtained through data released by ERDA, shown in the Table 6 and Table 7. Accordingly total no. Of policies underwritten in 2004 increased by, 12. 78% from 2002-03 to 5 2003-04, while the premium under these policies increased by 51. 80%, from lacks to 18,71 ,016. 02 lacks during the same period. So far LICE is concerned, there is a fall in market share in New Business. In No. Of Policies the market share declined from 96. 70% to 94. 21% while in premium income the market share of LICE declined from 92. 03% to 87. 04% during the same period. These indicate that Indian Life Insurance in general has expanded since liberalizing on the one hand and market has been increasingly becoming competitive. E.India in the International Context though the share of Life Fund in household Financial Assets has gone up during the last decade and Indian Life Insurance Industry registered better growth rate compa red with global growth rate yet total premium volume and global market share minded kinda low. Total premium volume of Life Insurance Industry in the World at 9% growth rate increased from US $ 1 534,061 2002 to US $ 16,72514 2003, whereas in India 26 growth rate was much higher at 18% and Total Premium volume increased from US $ s S EYE ruling ten same pergola. Insurance Density (premium per capita and Insurance Penetration (premium in percentage of GAP) which are important growth indicators are quite low in India. In the year 2003, Life Insurance Density in India was only US $ 12. 9 as against the World Density of US $ 267. 1. Similarly, Life Insurance Penetration in India was only 2. % as against World Penetration level of 4. 59%.

Gender Roles: The Building Blocks of American Society Essay

Ever since I could remember most of what I learned closely being a antheral came from a series of components, majority include my parents, family, television, school, toys, the media, and peers. Gender expectations were embedded within me by nine and I had no pool cue of what was happening. When I was young it was expected of me to play with toys that suited males i.e. batman, spiderman, superman, watch television shows that encompassed male behavior, I dismantle had to perpetuate dominance over my male counterparts as a means of sustaining my masculinity. This was all taught to me by the constructs of masculinity developed by society. I can regain many instances in which my step catch would punish me if I stayed inwardly on on Saturday/Sunday mornings because in his time period, boys were expected to be outside performing manual labor while the womanhood were expected to spend a penny and clean. It is the roles of American society that suck up plagued the notion of domina nt and subordinate gender roles of male and female.I learned to perpetuate masculinity without even understanding what masculinity or femininity even meant, it was taught to me as a natural way of being, something that I n invariably questioned because I simply thought it was the correct way of living, and even though it did not quite make sense to function tough or to act male, I still followed everything I was taught. All my life I acted the way I was expected to act, as a Hispanic male, I had to stay within the confines of my ethnicity and gender. Males where not expected to be emotional or to have perceptions. Within a family that honors male dominance and power that males can perpetuate, none of my uncles show any signs of weakness or vulnerability, as it is taboo for the hands in my family to show any sign of softness. I however, ceaselessly had problems with living my life inthis order and having to perpetuate male behavior. I can recall one instance where I engrossed my hair in a towel after a shower because I saw my mother always doing it and I wanted to as well, it was not until my mom caught me, when she instantly put me in place and told me to never do that again.She specified that if my dad witnessed what I had through with(p) I would never see the light of day. Ever since I could remember, the ways in which I performed my gender role was not necessarily performed the way society constructed it. I never performed what was expected of me, most of the time I would sit on the side of my house crying after being yelled at by my stepfather for not being boyish enough for him. I always had my mind on being who I thought I should be i.e. impoverished and able to explore as I wanted, and not what people told me to be. All my life, I have witnessed male family members and their inability to console or give straight-laced advice to anyone because at that place was always an ego bias due to their lack of feeling and emotion.My father is a prime exam ple, no matter what he discussed with me as a child it always related to male dominance and woman subordination and the idea of the other. I come from a family with ego gratification issues, most of my uncles including my father suffer from perpetuating masculinity and male dominance, and they thrive off of not showing an ounce of weakness or vulnerability. Within the confines of my family it is actually frowned upon to express feeling or even express care of love towards anyone, it is a sad fact, but it is the learned male dominant/ female subordinate roles that have convolute American society to act in this specific manner. Nonetheless, it is a sad feat of American life.If I suddenly woke and I was female my life would turn dramatically, the result would impact my whole center of being substantially. Not only would the mechanics of my body entirely change, my entire conception of self would as well. I could no longer go to the bathroom the same, use masculinity as a crutch to ge t ahead in society, my entire notion of self and the organic law of who I am as a person, and as a dramaturgical actor would be in chaos. The building blocks that I was founded upon would completely rearrange, everything I have learned my whole life would be flipped. I would no longer see myself in the same light, as I now have to acquire what it means to begin living a life that I have no real first hand experience within. My entire life revolves virtually my conception of myself as a male, myeducational level, my acquired dominance in society from just being a male, my role as a man, and my privilege in society.This change would alter my conception of what it means to be a human entirely. As our entire lives are shaped by gender expectations and societies ideas of what it means to be a male and female. It would be a tough change nonetheless. My gender performance would have to be re-built from the ground up. I would have to learn to act like a female, to make my way in the worl d as a female, I would lose certain privileges that come along with being male such as job opportunities, respect, power, and would have to completely relearn gender roles within a female body. For some, this would be the worst possible outcome that could ever happen to a male, not only because of everything that comes along with being a male, but also everything that comes along with being a female. Females are stigmatized for their femininity, their roles as woman in society, their sexual partners, the clothes that they wear, the way that they look, there are so many things that woman have to deal with that many men simply do not understand.This would be an eye opener, everything I have learned and got away with, as a male such as freely exploring my manhood and have disgustingly, would be redefined. In society woman are held to the highest degree of observance and are forced to stay within the lines of femininity. Everywhere you look, on billboards, magazine covers, newspapers, and tabloids there is the romanticized version of what it means to be a woman and the measuring rod that they are held up to is simply unreachable. No one can measure up to societies standard of what it means to be a woman, they are constantly broken down and told they are not pretty, they are not desirable, they are not what they should be, they are promiscuous, and if a guy does the same things he is not scrutinized for his actions. My entire life as a woman would be a new understanding, an entire new travel and experience. Learning what it means to be stigmatized and talked down upon if I decided to be who I was as a man, but as a woman. I would no longer be able to shove food down my throat, act vulgar, run around with my shirt off, jog around at nighttime because of the business organization of being raped, or abducted.It would totally reshape everything I was taught and defined as in society. Even though acting masculine or acting powder-puff is a social construct, it has consumed me everyday, I have always filled that masculine role that society has brought me up within and even thougheverything about myself is wrapped up within my gender specific role as a Hispanic male, becoming a female would totally change my gender experience. I would be reborn, forced to learn everything about myself as a female, and what it means to be a female and act like a female in society. Nonetheless, it would completely reshape my views and ideas about gender.

Unforgettable Experience

RESUME SITI SHADILA BINTI ABU SEMAN 1313A, JALAN BPJ 2/24, BANDAR PUTERI JAYA, 08000 SG. PETANI, KEDAH DARUL AMAN Ph unity Number 017 5810497 Email make out emailprotected com PERSONAL PARTICULARS Marital Status SingleNationality Malaysian Date of Birth September 15, 1990 Age 22 years old Place of Birth Kedah Religion Islam teaching method 2008 2011 Politeknik Ungku Omar (PUO) Diploma in Banking and Finance CGPA 3. 16 2003 2007 Sekolah Menengah Keb.Jabi SPM 2A , 4B, 1C with distinctions in Bahasa Malaysia and English WORK EXPERIENCE 2011 2012 Clerk at MIJ ENTERPRISE Exposure gained ? Incharged of payroll functions ? Involved in sales functions ? Over solely controlling and monitoring of deli genuinely order documentation ? Monitoring of inventory level 2011 Work at Amassurance as a promoter. ( somewhat saving account ). Exposure gained ? Find prospect and approach for saving accounts opening . Monitoring and filing node forms . January June 2010 Practical Trai ning at mixer SECURITY ORGANISATION ( SOCSO ) Exposure gained ? Data entry of cases using SIKAP software provided by SOCSO. ?Filing, control and maintain all documentation records. ? Prepare and follow-up FCLB Faedah Caru human being Lewat Bayar letter to the employer which late paying fund. ? Involved in auditing employers contribute fund records ( outdoor job ) EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES 2008 2011 Politeknik Ungku Omar Member of Counselling Club 2006 2007 Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan School Prefect financial officer of the Prefect Club Chairman of the Club Account and Trading Club Member of the Netball Club SKILLS / STRENGTHS ? Proficient in Microsoft Word , Power Point and Excel. ? Driving clear B2 ? Fluent in written and speaking Bahasa Malaysia. ? Able to converse and write in English REFERENCES Tuan Haji Shafie Bin Hamzah Encik Ahmad Suzaimie Bin Abdul AzizHead of Financial and Banking Department help Manager Ungku Omar Polytechnic Wisma PERKESO Jalan Musa Maha di Jalan Teluk Wan Jah 31400 Ipoh, Perak 05200 Alor Setar, Kedah Tel 05 54557656 Tel 04 7746666 WORK EXPERIENCE WORK EXPERIENCE WORK EXPERIENCEUnforgettable ExperienceInstructions subscribe the pursuance stories in A Sense of Belonging and write a response to the question(s) related to each account. The Test Who has a stronger personality? Marian or Mrs Ericson? lend evidence from the text to support your answer. Marian has a stronger personality in this story. From the very beginning we toilet go steady that within Marian is exertion and intentness despite failing once, she still goes ahead and tries for the test again, and despite knowing that she failed the previous era because of the examiners prejudice against her, she still tries again.In addition, when Mrs Ericson suggests that she slips them a little something, she refuses, showing that shed or else fail with integrity than attempt to bribe the examiners which may or may not work against her. We see that Mrs Ericson evermore attempts to look at the brighter side of things constantly telling Marian that she will do fine, not seeming to look at possible former(a) reasons wherefore Marian failed the first time even when Marian pointed out to her about the mistakes. During the test, Marians tolerance is tested the inspector constantly jibes at her, stereotyping her by her ethnicity.When he asks for her age, he mentions that she was old enough to have a flock of pickaninnies. Pickaninnies referred to children of inkiness descent, and the usage of flock shows that he was trying to prove black wad as an inferior race, as he uses flock, which is usually used with cattle. contempt knowing that she was getting insulted as an inferior race, she kept quiet, and this can be seen as an attempt to keep ones cool, to stay in control so that no further trouble would be caused.He withal jibes at the fact that she aint Southern, and even the fact that shes supposed to be unable to read all becau se of her race, and Marian puts up with it well, only showing a small sign of anger, as seen at Her voice was not quite steady. To be able to put up with all the racial insults as much as possible shows her strong personality, to be able to accept reality also shows a strength of her personality, as pass judgment reality makes her attempt the driving test again. A Sense of Belonging Write a response to the following statements.The story follows a fair chronological order, has simple plot, style, characterisation and setting, uses no flash O.K.s or twists, and is making a very obvious point. A simple incident, simply told, can be very issuingive. Despite its faults, this story is successful. The story follows a chronological order, however, it starts off with a few flashbacks to introduce characters and personalities. For example, the entree of Sharon and Paris friendship was introduced through a flashback, and the introduction of how Mr Morley do Pari feel different was also made through a flashback.The story is told simply, about Paris struggle as a Maori to feel the star of belong that she needed, and instead of going through a hysterical amount of events to feel at home, it was only a simple incident A customer refused her serve because she was Maori, and everyone stands up for her, and thus she feels as part of the team. Despite its fault, the story is definitely successful as the subject is achieved. A Sound of Thunder scan the story again, looking specifically for seeds or clues to later events and list them down in note form with brief comments.The first seed is planted when the motive catchs in the sign outside of Time Safari. This sign would later be revisited at the end of the story, with many spelling mistakes, showing the changes that had occurred. Another seed was planted when the menstruation prexy was mentioned, as at the end, the current president had changed as well. However, the main seed that was planted was the idea that t here would be a cosmic string answer kill one being of the aside and many changes would occur. It was explained that killing one mouse could possibly kill an built-in nation or an entire race, receivable to the chain reaction.Later on, Eckels step off the pathway and kills a butterfly inadvertently causing the future to change, and causing a different president to be elected with the chain reaction. - Comment on the relative grandness of each of the basic five elements ( basis, plot, character, setting and style) in the story. The theme of the story is the importance of all actions made by people direct interventions that could cause major impacts in the future.In the story, we see a direct intervention made to the past Eckels killed a butterfly by accident, which triggered a chain effect and caused a different president to be elected. This is an important aspect as the story follows on this theme closely. The plot was simple, as yet revolved around a complex concept of changing time and history. This is also rather important as it support in the understanding of the paradox involved if time and history was altered by a persons direct intervention. It allows an easier understanding of the butterfly effect and the half mask effect. The characters in the story were each necessity.Firstly, the bumbling Eckels served as a crucial aspect of the story, as the main character of the story. He is somewhat of a daredevil, yet he is afraid of challenges. His reckless attitude with his fear caused the entire trip back in time to go haywire as he steps off the pathway in panic and triggers the chain reaction. He is also somewhat childish, naive even, when he asks if it was possible to bring the butterfly back and bring it back to life. Travis serves as a more level headed character, much knowledgeable and wise, yet cruelly rash, contrasting to Eckels childish behaviour.Lesperance often tells Travis to calm down, which is rather essential as without Lesperanc e, Travis probably could have left Eckels back in time and changed a lot more than needed. The story was set in 2055, when time tour was apparently possible. This would open the readers to assume a lot more possibilities, as to why Eckels behaved in such a reckless and childish manner, and to the possibilities of rule a paradox as explained by Lesperance. The story was written with many descriptions, and ideas were embedded in the readers minds near the beginning.We are introduced to the concept of the domino effect early in the story, and the concept of a paradox, alongside the concept of the impossibility of it. Later this idea grows when firstly, Eckels steps off the path and kills a butterfly, resulting in a dramatic change in the future, secondly, the inability to change things back to normal, as explained earlier in the story Time does not allow one man to meet himself, and thus, even if the team travels back, they are unable to meet themselves, or stop the damage. This le ads to the end, where Travis shoots Eckels rashly to pay for his minor mistake. Unforgettable ExperienceInstructions Read the following stories in A Sense of Belonging and write a response to the question(s) related to each story. The Test Who has a stronger personality? Marian or Mrs Ericson? Give evidence from the text to support your answer. Marian has a stronger personality in this story. From the very beginning we can see that within Marian is persistence and perseverance despite failing once, she still goes ahead and tries for the test again, and despite knowing that she failed the previous time because of the examiners prejudice against her, she still tries again.In addition, when Mrs Ericson suggests that she slips them a little something, she refuses, showing that shed rather fail with integrity than attempt to bribe the examiners which may or may not work against her. We see that Mrs Ericson constantly attempts to look at the brighter side of things constantly telling M arian that she will do fine, not seeming to look at possible other reasons why Marian failed the first time even when Marian pointed out to her about the mistakes. During the test, Marians tolerance is tested the inspector constantly jibes at her, stereotyping her by her ethnicity.When he asks for her age, he mentions that she was old enough to have a flock of pickaninnies. Pickaninnies referred to children of black descent, and the usage of flock shows that he was trying to prove black people as an inferior race, as he uses flock, which is usually used with cattle. Despite knowing that she was getting insulted as an inferior race, she kept quiet, and this can be seen as an attempt to keep ones cool, to stay in control so that no further trouble would be caused.He also jibes at the fact that she aint Southern, and even the fact that shes supposed to be unable to read all because of her race, and Marian puts up with it well, only showing a small sign of anger, as seen at Her voice was not quite steady. To be able to put up with all the racial insults as much as possible shows her strong personality, to be able to accept reality also shows a strength of her personality, as accepting reality makes her attempt the driving test again. A Sense of Belonging Write a response to the following statements.The story follows a straightforward chronological order, has simple plot, style, characterisation and setting, uses no flashbacks or twists, and is making a very obvious point. A simple incident, simply told, can be very effective. Despite its faults, this story is successful. The story follows a chronological order, however, it starts off with a few flashbacks to introduce characters and personalities. For example, the introduction of Sharon and Paris friendship was introduced through a flashback, and the introduction of how Mr Morley made Pari feel different was also made through a flashback.The story is told simply, about Paris struggle as a Maori to feel the se nse of belonging that she needed, and instead of going through a hysterical amount of events to feel at home, it was only a simple incident A customer refused her service because she was Maori, and everyone stands up for her, and thus she feels as part of the team. Despite its fault, the story is definitely successful as the effect is achieved. A Sound of Thunder Read the story again, looking specifically for seeds or clues to later events and list them down in note form with brief comments.The first seed is planted when the author brings in the sign outside of Time Safari. This sign would later be revisited at the end of the story, with many spelling mistakes, showing the changes that had occurred. Another seed was planted when the current president was mentioned, as at the end, the current president had changed as well. However, the main seed that was planted was the idea that there would be a chain reaction kill one being of the past and many changes would occur. It was explai ned that killing one mouse could possibly kill an entire nation or an entire race, due to the chain reaction.Later on, Eckels steps off the pathway and kills a butterfly inadvertently causing the future to change, and causing a different president to be elected with the chain reaction. - Comment on the relative importance of each of the basic five elements (theme, plot, character, setting and style) in the story. The theme of the story is the importance of all actions made by people direct interventions that could cause major impacts in the future.In the story, we see a direct intervention made to the past Eckels killed a butterfly by accident, which triggered a chain effect and caused a different president to be elected. This is an important aspect as the story follows on this theme closely. The plot was simple, yet revolved around a complex concept of changing time and history. This is also rather important as it aided in the understanding of the paradox involved if time and h istory was altered by a persons direct intervention. It allows an easier understanding of the butterfly effect and the domino effect. The characters in the story were each essential.Firstly, the bumbling Eckels served as a crucial aspect of the story, as the main character of the story. He is somewhat of a daredevil, yet he is afraid of challenges. His reckless attitude with his fear caused the entire trip back in time to go haywire as he steps off the pathway in panic and triggers the chain reaction. He is also somewhat childish, naive even, when he asks if it was possible to bring the butterfly back and bring it back to life. Travis serves as a more level headed character, much knowledgeable and wise, yet cruelly rash, contrasting to Eckels childish behaviour.Lesperance often tells Travis to calm down, which is rather essential as without Lesperance, Travis probably could have left Eckels back in time and changed a lot more than needed. The story was set in 2055, when time travel was apparently possible. This would open the readers to assume a lot more possibilities, as to why Eckels behaved in such a reckless and childish manner, and to the possibilities of overriding a paradox as explained by Lesperance. The story was written with many descriptions, and ideas were embedded in the readers minds near the beginning.We are introduced to the concept of the domino effect early in the story, and the concept of a paradox, alongside the concept of the impossibility of it. Later this idea grows when firstly, Eckels steps off the path and kills a butterfly, resulting in a dramatic change in the future, secondly, the inability to change things back to normal, as explained earlier in the story Time does not allow one man to meet himself, and thus, even if the team travels back, they are unable to meet themselves, or stop the damage. This leads to the end, where Travis shoots Eckels rashly to pay for his minor mistake.

Linking promotional activity to the product life cycle Products Essay

BIC was founded in 1950 by Marcel Bich with the introduction of the first high quality ballpoint pen at an affordable price. In 1975 BIC launched the first one-piece s chooser and become a market leader within that sector too. In the early days, BIC concentrated on a totality shop of ingatherings which mainly included BIC turn and orangish en Pen and the undefiled Shaver. In the 1990s the company realised it needed to develop its product range to fulfil changing consumer needs and to compete with new competitors entering the writing and shaver categories. BIC has therefore set about re-shaping itself. It has looked to add value to its products (e.g. by moving from a single blade to a twin blade, then to a three-fold blade razor) and to develop a range of new products. BICs introduction of the Classic one-piece shaver, rebranded as BIC 1, illustrates this process.The re-branding was intended to enhance the brands simplicity whilst still maintaining the highly recognisable, o range packaging. BIC has further raise this re-branding by launching BIC 2, which satisfies consumers looking at for a functional twin blade at an affordable price. Through the launch of BIC 1 & BIC 2, BIC has created a branding synergy. In the twin blade sector, BIC has launched bounty products such as facilitate Twin and Twin Lady. These products engineer consumers demanding enhanced features and benefits while still offering excellent value for money. In 2003, BIC launched its first triple blade shaver for men BIC Comfort 3 and one year later BIC Soleil Lady for women. Both of these products offer greater innovation and technologically enhanced features and benefits at attractive prices. The Boston matrix and BIC productsMulti-product businesses like BIC are aware of how products in their entire portfolio contribute to the overall growth of the business. Established profitable lines play a vital contribution that enables a company to invest in the development and promotion of new lines.The Boston Consulting Group developed The Boston nook or BCG matrix. This relates closely to product manners cycles and identifies four classes ofproducts in an organisations portfolio. Problem children These are newly-launched products. This name is appropriate because many products fail to blend in beyond this phase. Such products are also referred to as Question Marks or Wild-cats. In order to grow, they require large amounts of investment and promotional support. politic firms monitor each products progress and recognise whether or not on-going support is justified. Stars These are products that have successfully reached the growth stagecoach in the life cycle. Although they need on-going promotional support, they are already providing high money returns.They present good future prospects. Cash oxen These products have reached the maturity stage and are now yielders. They have a high market parcel out in markets that are no longer rapidly expanding. Howeve r, they will need on-going selling support and will need freshening up from time to time. Dogs These are products in decline. These have a low market share in a low-growing or declining market. Because they generate a negative cash flow, they will usually be disposed of. The Boston matrix fag be applied to BIC productsThe Cristal Ball Pen and Classic Shaver are popular and well established products with very high unit sales. BIC produces them on a large scale. These cash cows provide excellent cash profits for the company. The Cristal Grip and Cristal Gel Pens, and Twin Lady shavers are stars with well-established growth patterns. For example, the Twin Lady fill the gap in the market for shavers for women. Problem Children that have recently entered their respective markets include Cristal Colours and Cristal Pocket Scents in the pen market, and Comfort 3 and Soleil in the shavers market. Currently BIC is investing in these products. Over the next two or three years the company will decide whether these products have succeeded (moved into the star category) and warrant continued support. Products such as Soleil (a shaver for women) are rapidly moving into the star category. Of course, some products fail to take off sufficiently and/or go into decline. The Tough Beard shaver has not warranted further development and BIC has taken it out of production. Developing the product rangeThe Cristal range of pens demonstrates how to inject new life into a product range BICs Cristal Ball pen was launched in 1951. It has over 30% marketshare and is the UKs best-selling ball pen. In 1964 BIC launched BIC Orange. This is a fine-point version of the Cristal pen, easily recognised by its orange barrel. In the 1990s, as the Cristal and Orange Ball pens became more(prenominal) mature and encountered fierce competition from lower priced brands, BIC invested in developing the Cristal range to attract new users and to differentiate itself from the competition. This led to the launch of a range of new productsCristal Grip, for more comfortCristal Colours, for fashionable coloursCristal Pocket, for a more convenient sizeCristal Pockets Scents, for fun and fruity inksCristal Gel, for smo opposite writing.By continually adding to the range, BIC manages to inject new life into the product life cycle of the overall range. BIC now offers a full range of Cristal pens using both ball point and gel ink technology. The ranges development has also helped to support the enhancements of the core brand, and each year sales of Cristal pens increase.The product life cycle and promotional activityBIC analyses its products, and promotes and supports these in line with their stage in the product life cycle. For example, BIC Cristal and the Classic shaver have a long life cycle and although they have had technological improvements over the years and are produced using more advanced manufacturing techniques, the style and design of these products have not changed. They are s till recognisable worldwide. Initially, when these products were launched, promotional activity would have focused on generating awareness and encouraging consumers to trial the products. Now that these products have become well established icons, the promotional emphasis is on rewarding loyal customers who continue to buy these products.The illustration shows the instruction in which promotional activity is tailored to stages in the product life cycle. When BIC launched the Comfort 3 razor, it chose Martin Johnson to represent the brand. BIC invested heavily in outdoormedia such as billboards and conducted national press advertising to raise awareness. With Cristal Gel, BIC carried out a large amount of below the line activity. To build awareness of the new product, BIC supplied alive Cristal Ball pen users with Cristal Gel samples through special promotional packs and other sampling campaigns to office users. This was supported by advertising and use up marketing. During a pro ducts growth period, BIC continues to use market research data to help it better understand market developments and consumer requirements.It also continues to support the product so that more and more consumers try it out and are converted into regular users. At this stage, advertising and special offers encourage new users to try the product. As a product moves towards maturity, BICs marketing experts need to identify ways of injecting new life into it. They must also identify new product developments that can meet similar consumer needs. This explains why, for example, BIC has developed extensions to the Cristal range. Once a product has saturated a market, sales will stagnate. However, it is important to continue to support cash cows because they play a vital role in injecting profits that sustain new product development. Once a product has moved into decline, a company like BIC will look to replace it with new products that meet existing and evolving consumer needs. For example, the razor Tough Beard was taken out of the product portfolio because other new BIC razors were better able to meet the needs of customers with tough beards ConclusionBusinesses that understand the Boston Box and product life cycles are able to target appropriate promotional activities to support the various products in their portfolio. Well established products such as BIC Cristal and Classic shaver are the cash cows that enable BIC to thrive by developing its stars and some of its question marks in line with market needs. BIC is an innovative organisation that uses its technical and marketing expertness to supply consumers with the products they want and need.Questions1. Using the Barksdale and Harris model that combines the BCG matrix and the product life cycle, consider how useful this great power be to BIC when analysingtheir product portfolios. 2. Consider the work of Booz, Allen and Hamilton Consultants in relation to the decay curve of new product ideas, and suggest how thi s might be applied by BIC when bringing new product ideas to the market place. 3. The GE/McKinsey matrix has nine boxes as opposed to the BCG matrix that has four boxes. Consider how it might or might not have been better for BIC to apply the GE/McKinsey matrix on the basis that it might be more accurate? 4. Consider the work of Everett Rogers in relation to product adopter categories. Using his idea, how might BIC adapt their promotional strategy in relation to targeting different adopter categories?

Philippine Revolution and Jose Rizal Essay

Paciano without a doubt was a great sub. He was just kinda outshined by his younger br other, jose. Id say our national heros patriotism was extremely influenced by him, he was an idol kuya in the eyes of Jose Rizal. Father Jose Burgos was a close friend of Paciano (whose finale, together w/ Zamora and Gomezs, concord to rizal himself, had opened his eyes re the sad plight of our country back then), so we can clearly visualize the imprint of Paciano on Rizals nationalism. He (paciano) was the one who financed Rizals education in europe.We wouldnt have the great Jose Rizal if it hadnt been for the unsung heroism of Paciano. Paciano f all(prenominal) in and actively supported Propaganda purport for social reforms, and supported the Movements newspaper, Diariong Tagalog. An avid supporter of the movement, he did taxs such as collecting bills to finance the verbalize organization, and solicited funds for the nationalist paper. As a Katipunero, he influenced people in Laguna wit h the revolutionist ideals. Despite the tortures he had in the hands of the Spaniards, he refused to implicate his younger brother who was kept in beggarly security in Fort Santiago. In January 1897, after his younger brothers execution, Paciano joined planetary Emilio Aguinaldo inCavite. He was appointed brigadier general of the revolutionary forces, and was elected Secretary of Finance in the Departmental Government of Central Luzon.1 During the Filipino-American War (18991913), he com hu homosexualkindded the Filipino forces in Laguna.U.S. troops captured him in Laguna on 1900.1 He was released soon after, and he settled in the town of Los Banos, Laguna. Not many Filipinos are aware that Paciano Rizal, the older and only brother of Jos Rizal, was an active and lustful member of the Katipunan. As a katipunero, Paciano was no less heroic than his very famous brother. So little is jazzn of Paciano. Yet, he is one of the unsung heroes of the Katipunan. Paciano was Rizals model fo r Pilosopong Tasio, one of the important and very interesting characters in his novel Noli me tangere. In his letter to Blumentritt dated 23 June 1888, Rizal wrote I dont know why I forgot to introduce you to my brother.You who wish to know good men will find in him the most noble of the Filipinos. My friend Taviel de Andrade said that he was the only man in the Philippines the young Philosopher Tasio. When I think of him, though an Indio, more generous and noble than all the present-day Spaniards put together. As the the elderberry bush son, Paciano helped the family in managing their farm and was like a. Not only did he help finance Rizals education in Europe, he did his best to save money to have his brothers two novels printed, collected financial contributions for the Propaganda Movement, and solicited subscription for the Diariong Tagalog, a nationalist newspaper. He also supported the Katipunan by propagating its ideals in Laguna.When Jos was jailed in Fort Santiago in 1896 , Paciano was also arrested and tortured to force him to give testimony that would prove his brother guilty of sedition. afterwards Rizals execution at Bagumbayan, Paciano went to Imus, Cavite to offer his services to Emilio Aguinaldo. He become the armed forces commander of the revolutionary forces in Laguna and continued. He continued fighting as a katipunero in the Filipino-American War. In an interview for an article featured in the Philippine Centennial in the Francisco Rizal Lopez, one of Pacianos grandsons, told of his grandfathers days a a revolucionario. Lopez said that Paciano nearly died of the torture. His whole body was swollen and bloody because of the torture he received. The authorities brought him to my grandmother Narcissa because they thought he was going to die. After a week, he recovered. But he was actually at deaths door. My aunt told us a story about my Lolo Paciano when he was a revolucionario.She told us that every(prenominal)day, my Lolo and the other r evolucionarios would count the money they had collected. One day, my aunt was so tired and her hands were malansa so she asked my grandfather, Puede po bang makakuha ng cinco centimo diyan para makabili ng sabon dahil malagkit po at malansa ang kamay namin? (Could we get five cents to buy soap because our hands are sticky and putrid?) My Lolo got very angry and he said, Huag ninyong galawin ang perang yan (Dont ever shadow that money. Thats for the revolution) Sometime in 1900, Paciano was captured by the Americans and ordered to swear allegiance to the American gladiolus. According to his grandson, Paciano said, I cannot swear to any other flag because my allegiance belongs to the Filipino flag. But I can assure you, since we have lost and I have surrendered, I am going to diverge you in peace. After the revolution, it was almost impossible for the Rizals to live in Calamba.They have been stripped of everything they owned and they felt persecuted, so they chose to live in Los Ba os, the town abutting to Calamba. Paciano Rizals root stands near the Los Baos municipal hall, beside the fire station. There he lived the rest of his life until he died of tuberculosis on April 30, 1930. Francisco Lopez expound Pacianos physical appearance and character, My Lolo was a very humble, a very simple man. He never talked to us about his sacrifices in the Revolution. We did not purge know up to the time of his death that he was a general in Aguinaldos army. Paciano was a very thrifty man but not with his nephews to whom he always gave money to buy tsampoy. Of the two known pictures of Paciano, one was taken by one of Mr. Lopezs uncle and the other was a picture of him as lay in his coffin. Paciano had a daughter, Emiliana who is Francisco Lopez mother, but he was never married because he could not marry under the Dominican priest.Emiliana, married her first cousin, Antonio Lopez. He was Narcissa Rizals son. Paciano lived a peaceful life during the American occupation. and kept his promise that he would leave the Americans in peace. He must have intensely dislike the Americans from an anecdote that Lopez told There was a certain Governor- ecumenic Leonard Wood and my grandfather did not like him. He had a dog and he named the dog Wood. So every time he felt like cursing the Americans, he would curse the dog Paciano Rizal was buried in Cementerio del Norte in manilla paper but his bones were transferred to his home in Los Baos in 1985. were he was given complete military honors. Paciano Rizal, Joss kuya, or older brother by a ten dollar bill and protg of Fr. Burgos, had witnessed the garroting of the trine curates and been, along with his generation, radicalized by it. His retelling to the sensitive eleven- family-old in Calamba in turn left an indelible impression on the young man, about to leave for Intramuros to study at the Ateneo. Later on Rizal said of the martyrdom, Without 1872 there would be now neither Plaridel nor Jaena nor Sancian co, nor the valiant and generous Filipino expatriates in Europe.Without 1872, Rizal would have been a Jesuit and instead of writing the Noli Me Tangere would have instead written something entirely different. Rizal dedicated his second novel El Filibusterismo (really a continuation of the Noli) to the memory of the three martyrs. Last year saw the commemoration cum celebration of the younger Rizals 150th birth anniversary, but not much has been said (at least, not much that I am aware of) about Pacianos invaluable role in shaping the path his younger brother took, always there to lend a hand, a quiet, rock-solid presence Pepe could rely on. Paciano arranged, along with an uncle, for Pepe to embark for Europe in 1882, whose heady Enlightenment zeitgeist further sharpened Rizals retrospect of Spanish colonial rule.For at least five years Paciano sent him a monthly stipend, and once the Propaganda Movement had gotten off the ground helped raise funds for it. In 1896 he was imprisoned and tortured, to force him to implicate Jos in the revolution that had begun that direful but the stouthearted Paciano would not break. He was released and once Jos was executed, Paciano volunteered for Aguinaldos army, and was do a general, his field of operations world Central Luzon. The revolution against the Spanish metamorphosing into the 1899 war against the U.S., General Rizal continued to fight, but was captured in 1900.Thereafter, despite offers of a regimen position as well as entreaties from prominent Laguna politicians to run for public office, Paciano, already married, chose the quiet life of a gentleman farmer, and died in 1930 at his home in Los Baos, not far from Calamba, at the while of 79. Pacianos love for and devotion to his younger brother meant a life fanny the scenes, dramatic certainly in many instances but rarely in the limelight, never in the scene-thievery manner of Jos. Kuya Pacianos life made the latters transformation into the icon every Filipino knows possible. He would have distanced himself from the label but in my book Paciano Mercado Rizal y Alonso is every bit the hero.Paciano Rizal, whose contribution to the Philippine revolution has been overshadowed by the greatness of his younger brother, Jose Rizal. When Jose Rizal decided to leave the Philippines for advance studies, Paciano, without the knowledge of their parents, asked Antonio Rivera, an uncle, to help in facilitating the travel of Jose Rizal abroad.Paciano himself engaged in the propaganda movement. When Marcelo H. del Pilar founded the Diariong Tagalog, a nationalist vernacular paper, in 1882, Paciano eagerly assisted those behind the paper. He helped the paper by soliciting subscription in his province (Laguna) and in the neighbouring towns of Batangas.During this time Paciano kept Jose Rizal sure about events happening in the country. Aside from attending to the needs of the Rizal family, Paciano regualarly corresponded with Jose in Europe regarding such l ocal problems as state troubles, crop failure, increased land rentals, the decrease in the price of sugar and even the worsening agrarian disputes in Calamba. Pacianos land dispute with the friars resulted in his exile to Mindoro for one year in 1890.During Jose Rizals away abroad, Paciano met and fell in love with Severina Decena, a beautiful lass from Los Baos, Laguna. They had two childrena boy, who died during infancy, and a girl they named Emiliana.When Jose Rizal was arrested in 1896 Paciano was also arrested and detained. This was to insure the incrimination of Jose Rizal. The older Rizal was tortured and asked to sign a statement linking his younger brother to the Katipunan and to the Philippine Revolution, which had broken out in August of that year. After three days of fruitless interrogation Paciano was released.Before the end of 1896 the Philippine Revolution spread like wildfire to the province south of Manila. Laguna joined the fight for liberty. The emergence of Paci ano Rizal as a revolutionary leader was something that could not but draw attention.The Spanish forces gained momentum in the pursuit of the revolutionists, for which reason General Paciano followed General Aguinaldo to Bulacan. The general and his men transferred their camp to Biyak-na-Bato.In December of 1897 the famous truce of Biyak-na-Bato was signed, ending the 1896 Philippine Revolution. In pursuance to the provisions of the agreement, General Aguinaldo and some(prenominal) ranking officers of the revolution surrendered their arms and exiled themselves to Hong Kong.The revolutionary leader left in the country were instructed to comply with the other provisions of the treaty, like the surrender of arms and ammunitions. In this connection General Aquinaldos generals were sent to various provinces to arrange for the surrender of the remaining revolutionists who were now scattered. General Artemio Ricarte was sent to Cavite, Gen. Jose Natrividad to Bulacan, Nueva Ecija and Pampa nga, General Miguel Malvar to Batangas, and Gen. Paciano Rizal to Laguna.Complying with orders, General Paciano Rizal, on 14-15 January 1898, surrendered the undermentioned to Spains General Ricardo Monet for the province of Laguna 1 Mauser, 3 Remingtons, 46 muskets, 42 blunderbuss, 3 lantakas, 21 saber and 26 bolos. The truce failed, however, resulting in General Aguinaldos return to the Philippines.The United States and Spain declared war on each other. Flipinos who had returned to their place under the Spanish government and those who had settled down in their farms delirious their fight against the Spanish government and became part of the forces of General Aquinaldo.Among the revolutionary generals who responded was General Paciano Rizal. He again led the fighting in Laguna as the military commander of the area. Battles were fought openly in Spanish-held towns. In the fastness of Laguna, General Paciano Rizal actively led the onslaught against the Spanish troops.On 31 August, two weeks after the surrender of Manila to the Americans, the Spanish civil official of Laguna Province and a group of Spanish soldiers surrendered to General Paciano Rizal in Santa Cruz, the provincial capital. On 12 June 1898, the revolutionary leaders proclainmed to the whole world the birth of the Philippine Republic, the first republic in Asia. The following year the Filipino- American War broke out. Well-trained and well-armed American soldiers prevailed over the ill-quipped Filipino revolutionists. The fight was one-sided. The loss of many battles was attributed to the revolutionists life of hunger and sickness. General Paciano Rizal was afflicted with malaria and he had become weak, he was captured in Laguna by the Americans. The year was 1900.After the war Paciano led a passive private life and retired to his farm in Los Baos, Laguna. He passed away on 13 April 1930, at the age of 79. Pedro Pateros account of his negotiations peace between Spain and the Filipinos revolutio naries, El Pacto de Biak na Bato , Paciano relates What do you want? That we make peace with Spain? That we be the bearer and acceptor of peace, when they have shot my brother, Pepe, banished my parents and relatives, falsely accused us to the last of my family, confiscating our lands and hurling a thousand horrors on our faces? Ah, Don Pedro, dig a deep well. Fill it from the top to bottom with all the bolos and lances that you wish. Then, command me to throw myself into it and I Paciano Rizal, will do just that, but do not ask me for peace because that, Don Pedro, is impossible- absurdPaciano exploits reveal acquiring the Spaniards to surrender in Calamba, by using firecrackers to show the Filipinos were heavily armed. After 3 days the Spaniards surrendered. In his letter to the PIR seen at the National Library Paciano request for the status of the Americans if they were allies or enemies. Their suspicious actuation in the area proved skillful, August 13, 1898, Filipinos was tri cked by the Americans, they fought another battle. 1900, weakened by malaria, Paciano was captured by the Americans and is said to have refused to swear allegiance to the flag of the USA. While Apolinario Mabini the paralytic was exiled to Guam because he refused allegiance to America.May unanswered questions left, but nothing is definite as of now, merely that Paciano Rizal proves like other heroes of the Revolution of 1896 and 1898, should be rescued from obscurity and given the rightful place in our historyCharacteristics Of A HeroCourageFor a hero, courage is as important as a shell is to a tortoise. Without courage, a hero is just as vulnerable as any other man walking down the street. Courage here stands to signify that firmness of the spirit and mettle of the soul to stare at danger and trouble right in the eye. Courage here stands to signify the valor it takes to overcome adversities and adversaries. Its like a soldier rushing into battle knowing well that death awaits him. In all reality, this is what courage is all aboutSacrificeA hero does not become a hero by simply whipstitching up a thousand goons and riding into the sunset victoriously with his lady love. If this was all it took to become a hero, every other Romeo beating up rivals and stealing away his love in the still of the night can be branded a hero. It really is more than that Sacrifice is what helps a mere someone make that journey from a mediocre life to one filled with greatness. Sacrifice, by definition, can be described as the giving up of something highly valued for a purpose of greater importance. Thus, in order to achieve greatness and the status of a hero, it is extremely essential for an individual to sacrifice.DeterminationA hero cannot be considered one, if he possesses a will as bendable as a tube of rubber. A hero truly becomes just that when he exercises his will or determination to come out on top at any cost. Determination can be best described as a heros resolve or fi rmness of purpose to achieve what his heart desires most. Its all about staying focused and not resting until the task on hand is executed. In life it may not be easy to achieve any given thing, but it is with determination that a man can ultimately achieve what he desires most and turn himself into a champion.ConvictionConviction here does not denote to a persons skill at convincing another, but it rather refers to a persons firm belief in any particular thing. It can refer to an unshakeable way of looking at life and all its variables. In a way, the beliefs that a man holds can go a long way in determining if he has what it takes to become a hero. In fact, no man can truly become a hero, if he does not possess conviction that is impenetrable as well as unbending.DedicationDo you think that a person can make a man out of himself without being dedicated to any particular thing in life? Obviously not This is because in life in order to enjoy a changeless taste of success it is ext remely important to exercise dedication. If you desire to master an instrument, you have got to be dedicated to master it and shouldnt really rest until you do. authentic dedication shouldnt be forced it in fact is the direct result of true desire. It is this dedication that can help distinguish a man as a hero.

Describe the employment of women in Britain in 1914 at the outbreak of war

As war broke out in 1914 about 1/3 of women were in some type of paid employment. The majority of this was domestic service or secretarial work and most people accepted, there was no place for women in manual labour e. g. dock-labouring, mining or road -digging. A womans role was very a lot as the homemaker. They were regarded as the weaker call down and the sex that had fewer rights than men. Decent women were expected to stay at home and rear the children of the family. They had to obey their husbands. Britains leisure class was kept in comfort by an force of domestic servants.A large landowner with a wife, two children and a 62-roomed house n the West End required an indoor staff of 36. around of the servants accompanied the family to its other homes the country house, the seaside villa, the shooting box in Scotland each of which also had its own separate staff, containing many women. The working day could be a gruelling 17 hours long. The most important female servant of t he household was the housekeeper, known by the title of Mrs, she commanded a platoon of female domestics like ladys maid, housemaids, kitchen maids and the scullion who washed the dishes. pep pill class women were not expected to work. They therefore were involved in charity work and voluntary work also they were heavily involved with the suffr eonttes. Many working class women worked all day at jobs in their own homes, however some working class women worked in factories, to supplement the mens income, which practically wasnt enough. Workrooms were often crowded, dirty, ill lit, ill venti recentlyd and insufficiently heated. The hours permissible under the Factory Acts in 1901 were long. Women and girls over 14 years could be employed 12 hours a day and on Saturday 8 hours.In addition, in certain industries, and dressmaking was one, an additional 2 hours could be worked by women on 30 nights in any 12 months. At the outbreak of war women earned about 65 per cent of the male wage. The employment of little errand girls, usually only 14 years of age was common. Their work was very varied travel rapidly errands, matching materials, and taking out parcels, cleaning the workrooms, and often also helping in the work of the house. To be running around doing odd jobs for the employees of a busy workshop was hard work and tiring.It was not surprising that the young women in those workshops often looked weary and overdone just there were plenty of girls to take their place, so they would not give in. Many others were employed to work on the surface of coal mines or on search docks at hard, tiring, physical labour. A sexist outlook upon women in the workplace operated throughout this period. It resulted in skill definitions and pay differentials. Womens work was usually considered unskilled, where as a man doing the same job would be considered skilled.For example welding was perceived as a skilled job when men did it but when women became welders during the First sphere War it was seen as unskilled, with women being paid half the male rate. Middle class women attempted to get into professions as doctors, lawyers, accountants and bankers but found it incredibly difficult. The confidence of men was that they were not intelligent enough and too weak emotionally therefore unable to cope with the work. They did find employment easier to find as teachers, as this was dealing with children and they were able to find employment in the white-collar industries as clerks, telephonists and secretaries.However female clerks would earn less than one third of the male wage, and a female typist would earn i1 a week compared to i3 a week earned by a man. Women from the upper and middle classes came to have more opportunities in the late nineteenth century. This was particularly so in education. Higher education was open to women, although they were restricted in taking degrees in either Oxford or Cambridge. Most women lacked such opportunities. Women mainl y moved into the low-skill, low-pay sweat shop sector as they were denied access to the new technologies.Female factory workers were generally worse treated than men in pay, breeding and opportunities, and the trade unions mainly male organisations co-operated with the management or the definition of skills, which affected pay, were controlled by men and favoured them skilled women were poorly recognised. Women were also paid piece pass judgment and found their wage lowered if they earned too much. One factory inspector remarked that What can one do when a girl is earning as much as 15 shillings a week but lower the piece rate? In a survey just before the war the well-disposed commentator and reformer, S.Rowntree, had argued that i1 a week was necessary in order to live above poverty but few women received this amount. In J. M Barries prank What Ever Woman Knows (1908), John Shand, the railwayman turned MP, owes his success as a debater to his wife Maggie, who has transformed h is boring speeches when she typed them up. Women had achieved some degree of married equality and been given some educational opportunities by 1914. They had also begun to make some inroads into traditional male occupations and they had focused political action on kind the vote.

Communication and Personality in Negotiation Paper

The good turn of negotiating happens on a daily basis sometimes without people even noticing. When thinking about dialogs, auto purchases, salary increases, and purchasing new homes are obvious examples of negotiating. Nonetheless, negotiations are simple as deciding where to eradicate with a friend or family member.There are three main reasons for negotiating deciding on how to split or share a limited supply, the reation of a new idea that involves much than the immediate parties, and to resolve issues in the midst of individuals involved (Lewicki, Barry, & Saunders, 2006). Everyone who has bought a new machine get bys that it is an exciting period in ones life, though a stressful one. The pleasantries start and end with the machine itself as the stressful side to it is the negotiating with the dealership. Purchasing a new cable car is sometimes nerve racking and leads people to rush through the process Just to get it all over with.Unfortunately, rushing is the last th ing one should do because with the amount of oney on the line, it is grave that the purchaser understands the right parameters of what they are buying. Having the basic understanding of car negotiations through research and patience, forget make the car buying experience much more enjoyable and worthwhile. Conducting Research Purchasing a new or employ car has become must easier and fulfilling with the use of the internet. The internet is an open door resource to the car buyers where they move research dealer inventories, actual costs, consumer reports, and so much more.With his knowledge, a buyer fuck be more prepared when base on ballsing through the doors of a dealership. Having the knowledge of how much a dealer has paid for the car immediately allows the consumer to gauge if the dealers offer is reasonable or absolutely ridiculous. Before even stepping foot on the lot, knowing how much the car a buyer may want costs with all the desired options will allow a new buyer t o negotiate operationively. In practiceation is a strong common basis for power (Lewicki, Barry, & Saunders, 006) Witn this intormation, perspective buyers may nave the upper nand against a greedy dealership.Information is Power The power of information comes from each party or each negotiator have the ability to gather date that supports their locate or argument. The majority of new car purchasers dislike the sight of a car gross revenueman advanceing as they enter the lot. Though this may be common throughout society, the ultimate purpose of the salesperson is to aid and serve the customer. The dealership is completely independent unless the car buyer decided to purchase. If the sale doesnt go through, the sales person, the management team, and the dealership will not get paid. Closing the deal is more important to the dealership.Therefore negotiating is the except way for twain parties to get what they want. The best strategy for a consumer is to know exactly what they are looking at for, such as a Sudan, SUV, 4WD, etc. Then test drive what meets those requirements and get an initial quote. Dealerships and car salesmen will expect a commitment from potential consumers, but it is important that there are no promises made on the initial subvert. They may seem desperate and even provide sob stories, anything to closedown a sale, but staying firm and stating that here will be no purchases on the first visit is important in starting the negotiating process.Consumers who live in locations with various dealerships have an advantage because they can contrast prices during negotiations which will get them closer to their desired price. As with other items supply has a direct effect on price. Dealerships will in most cases not allow a potential buyer to walk out with a quote in writing because they wouldnt want it to be matched or beaten by another dealership. Emotionless and Effective Communication When negotiating for any reason, it is important that one stays focused on facts ather than involving emotion and ego (Lewicki, Barry, & Saunders, 2006).Negotiating is essentially interactive talks through the use of verbal and nonverbal communication skills in efforts to resolve a conflict. Ineffective communications introduce negotiation problems, which is why it is critical that the negotiators efficiently. If negotiators know that humans communicate ineffectively, then this can lead to a better and more cautious approach to negotiations. Asking questions is a great way to increase the amount of information known as swell up as a great tactic to egotiating.The more questions a negotiator may ask, the more they may learn about the opposition which will give them the upper hand in negotiations. Without actually audition to the answer, the question is as pointless as communicating ineffectively. Therefore when asking information seeking questions, it is important that one waits and listens to the answer that is full of the information one may seek. Depending on how you perceive the answers, this information can have multiple meanings and in identifying those meanings without offending the opposition can be difficult.There exist three types of comprehend passive, jazzment, and active listening. Passive listening is where the message recipient provides no reaction of the information accuracy. Without responding, the sender will continue to send information. Acknowledgment involves a little more effort on the recipients end where they acknowledge that they are receiving the information which is being sent by the sender. This can include a constant middle contact, a nod, or responses such as sure, l see, or go on. This demeanor of listening displays acknowledgement that the recipient is earing everything the sender is explaining.However it also gives the misinterpretation that the recipient agrees with the opposition. The third type of listening is active listening, where the receiver repeats or restates the se nders information through their own interpretation and words. Active listening in the negotiations is a great way for one to encourage the opposition to elaborate on their views. This creates an open conversation from one end and allows the receiver to have a clearer concept of what the opposition beliefs are and their supporting information.Studies on the effects of negotiation conflicts date back to the 1950s (Lewicki, Saunders, Berry, 2006). Similar research continues today where studies examine the fact-based variables like gender, ethnicity, age, matrimonial status, socioeconomic status, and cultural background. Negotiations dont Just happen in hostage situations or when buying a car. They give on a daily basis from determining salary increases or where the family should eat for dinner. The reason for the negotiation doesnt matter, what matters is the art in which one negotiates.If done properly, the egotiation could end in a positive manner by resolving the conflict. By ga thering the appropriate information, organizing it accordingly, in taking available information from the opposition, and weighing the facts of both ends, negotiating may be far less complex. Effective communication in the verbal and nonverbal form is important to overall success. Organized information, effective communication, and active listening are important assets to effective negotiations.

Preparation of Cyclohexanol

Introduction Cyclohexanol is mainly employ in the production of caprolactam and adipic dit that is a in the raw material of nylon 6 (Zhang, et al, 2002). Cyclohexanol can be produce through several methods, which include the oxidation of cyclohexane, the hydration of cyclohexene, or the enthalpyation of phenol (Zhang, et al, 2002). Problem with oxidation of cyclohexene is poor selectivity, extremely large recycles and explosion hazards. (Suresh, Sridhar, Potter, 1988). The purpose of this test was to tax deduction cyclohexanol by hydration of cyclohexene using toilsome sulphuric acid as an acidic catalyst.In hydration reception, C=C B shackle is re position by hydroxyl group (Hornback, 2006). Overall reception (McFadden, 2012) In the first step, the salmagundi of irrigate, concentrated sulphuric acid, and cyclohexene was shaken vigorously until it became a homogenous event. Fol paltryed by, the addendum of water, and the distillment process lead to the hydrolysis of th e alkene. Finally, profit of diethyl ether to the commixture then distillation took place to be purified and to obtain the final product, cyclohexanol (McFadden, 2012).Diethyl ether was used to extract alcohol from salt-water mixture because diethyl ethers solubility in water is lower than cyclohexanol which helps remove alcohol from the salt-water mixture (Merzougui, A, et al. , 2011). (McFadden, 2012) Cyclohexene is added to water-acid firmness of purpose, which gradationed two liquid phases were collectable to insolubility of cyclohexene in water-acid final result. It is real important that mixture is multiform well to make a homogenous solution and allow reaction to complete. Cyclohexene was reacted with water and with sulfuric acid to form protonated cyclohexanol and cyclohexyl hydrogen sulfate.Protonated cyclohexanol and cyclohexyl hydrogen sulfate are soluble in water-acid solution (McFadden, 2012). When this mixture is heated, cyclohexyl hydrogen sulfate converts t o protonated cyclohexanol which is equilibrium with cyclohexanol (McFadden, 2012). Moreover, distillation technique is used to separate components of a liquid mixture, where liquid is boil to vaporize and then condensed back into liquid called distillate. distillment components are collected with a lowest-boiling point to highest-boiling point.In this experiment, distillation is used to separate the organic compound from sulphuric acid solution azeotrope of cyclohexanol and water is formed as distillate, it also contains some cyclohexene components. Azeotrope has a fix boiling point like a pure compound. Cyclohexanol is good soluble in water, so poor open is expected (McFadden, 2012). Addition of sodium chloride to distillate solution improves the final product yield because it reduces the solubility of organic compound, and extracts cyclohexanol from aqueous phase. It is delinquent to salts high solubility than organic compound.Also, anhydrous jet carbonate is used to absorb water and to neutralize every trace of acid. During distillation of pure cyclohexanol, most of the product should be collected as temperature reaches 161? C (Weast, 1988). This experiment also introduces determination of the refractive index finger it is one of the most convenient methods used to determine faithfulness of liquid. It is a ratio of the sine of the angle formed when readable ray is bent when passing from an ship medium into a liquid medium in other words it is a ratios of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the liquid medium.Refrective index (n) = C_vaccume/V_medium (McFadden, 2012). At 20C, the expected refractive index of cyclohexanol is 1. 4641 (Weast, 1988). Procedure The experiment was done in two parts. Part-A was hydration of the alkene, and Part-B was isolation and refinement of the cyclohexanol. To perform hydration of alkene, 7. 0mL of water and then 14mL of concentrated sulphuric acid were added to a 125mL Erlenmeyer flaskful. late r on that, flask was placed in ice-bath until it was cold to touch. 16. 4g of cyclohexene was added to weighed 250mL round-bottom flask.In the same round-bottom flask, the chilled water-acid mixture was added. In aver to mix the solution, the flask was vigorously shaken for 20 minutes. While frisson, regularly stopper was released to prevent either build-up of vapour pres for certain. by and by flask was vented and allowed it to stand without disturbing for about 5 minutes. Because two distinct layers appeared, continued shaking for extra 10 minutes until solution was homogeneous. Next, an extensional 120mL of distilled water were added in homogeneous solution with addition of 3 boiling chips.The same round-bottom flask was then set onto a distillation apparatus, and started distillation. Distillate was collected into an 125mL Erlenmeyer flask, and boiling point vomit of azeotrope was noted. Subsequently, 25g NaCl was dissolved to the distillate, but not all salt was dissolved . After that, flask was covered with parafilm (McFadden, 2012). In the next lab, distillate mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel. Distillation receiver flask was washed by 20mL diethyl ether, that diethyl ether was then transferred into the separatory funnel.Mixture was allowed to delayer for 3 minutes. Afterwards, bottom aqueous layer was drained into a aqueous waste beaker and top ether layer was transferred in an another 50mL Erlenmeyer flask which contained 3g of anhydrous potassium carbonate, swirled and allowed the mixture to stand for 15 minutes. Next, no potassium carbonate but only liquid mixture was transferred to round-bottom flask for the distillation. Diethyl ether and cyclohexene were distilled and collected into a flask until it reached 120C, and later discarded in an organic waste.As temperature reached 120C, a clean, dry and pre-weighed flask was replaced to collect final product, cyclohexanol. As soon as flask was replaced, cold water was sour-off and ho t water was turned on. Continued to distil until there was no liquid in the distillation flask, and boiling chips started to change colour. Small amount of residue was kept in distillation flask to prevent it from breaking. Finally, cyclohexanol was weighted and from small sample the refractive index was determined (McFadden, 2012). aftermath Amount of cyclohexene used = 16. 40g = 16. 40g of C_6 H_10? 1/(82. 143 g/mol)=0. 9965=0. 1997mol of C_6 H_10 Limiting reagent is Cyclohexene Bp range of azeotrope mixture 85-95. 4C belles-lettres bp range of azeotrope mixture 97. 8C edition 53rd page D-16 Bp range of diethyl ether 34. 6-41. 6CLiterature bp range of diethyl ether 34. 51C edition 53rd page Bp range of cyclohexene 82. 8-90C Literature bp range of cyclohexene 82-98C edition 53rd page C-259 Bp range of pure cyclohexanol 157-161. 0C Literature bp range of cyclohexanol 161. 1C edition 53rd page C-257 Weight of pure cyclohexanol = 7. 1g Percent yield = (actual yield (g))/(theoretical yield (g))? 00%=7. 1g/20. 00g? 100%=35. 5% Theoretical yield= (0. 1997mol of C_6 H_10)/? (1 mol of C_6 H_12 O)/(1 mol of C_6 H_10 )? (100. 158 g)/(1 mol of C_6 H_12 O)=20. 00g Refrective index of pure cyclohexanol raw 1. 4643 at 21. 2C Corrected 1. 4658 at 20C Correcting refractive index n_D20=n_D21+0. 00045C(-1)? (21. 2-20C) =n_D21+0. 00045C(-1)? (1. 2C) =1. 4643+0. 00054 =1. 46484=1. 4648 Refractive Percent yield error ((1. 4648-1. 4641))/1. 4641? 100%=0. 05% Literature refrective index of cyclohexanol 1. 4641 at 20C Edition of CRC 53rd page C-257 DiscussionBefore reaching a cover conclusion, it is very important to interpret the ending that was obtained in this experiment. In this experiment, cyclohexene was hydrated to produce cyclohexanol because the direct hydration of cyclohexene is very slow, concentrated sulphuric acid as an acidic catalyst is used to speed up the reaction (McFadden, 2012). When cyclohexene was reacted with water and concentrated sulphuric acid, dark homo genous solution was formed from colourless heterogeneous mixture. The reaction was cyclohexene ? protonated cyclohexanol + cyclohexyl hydrogen sulfate. Both of hese products were soluble in water-acid solution, therefore reaction could go to completion (McFadden, 2012). Moreover, azeotrope of cyclohexanol and water was a positive azeotrope which means boiling point of azeotrope was less than the boiling point of cyclohexanol and water. Moreover, distillation process can prevent side reactions and by removing the products it shifts equilibrium on right hand side to increase pct yield however, it is not enough to improve percent yield. Cyclohexanol is soluble in water so addition of NaCl forces cyclohexanol to leave aqueous phase into organic phase.By reducing its solubility in water, NaCl molecules were holding water molecules. It is due to NaCls stronger attraction to water than cyclohexanol solubility of NaCl in water is 360g/L, and solubility of cyclohexanol in water is 36. 0g/L ( Weast, 1988). It is a great way to separate azeotrope into different components. However, enough salt is necessary to make solution saturated to separate all cyclohexanol from aqueous solution for example, 45. 72g of NaCl is needed to make solution saturated in 127mL of water. Required salt can be calculated by multiplying solubility of salt in water with given volume.In part B, there was cyclohexanol found in the optical condenser because temperature of water running in the condenser was low compare to melting point of cyclohexanol, which is 24C so some of the cyclohexanol was stuck on the inner-surface of the condenser. Cold-water was turned off, and hot-water turned on when cyclohexanol was collecting during distillation process to remove the cyclohexanol from the surface of condenser and used in the final product. The result shows that the percent yield is 35. 5%. As expected percent yield is low because the strong acidic conditions and solubility of cyclohexanol in water (Horn back, 2006).Observed musing index is very close to literary works value of reflective index of cyclohexanol, which tells that product is pure but there is still some impurities. The result is also due to inefficient experiment procedures. This experiment required precise measurements of data in raise to obtain accurate results. But, there are many possible sources of experimental error when performing this experiment. Firstly, if water-acid solution was not cooled enough to add cyclohexene, then some of the cyclohexene have evaporated.Cyclohexene is a limiting reagent meaning it willing affect the overall weight of cyclohexanol by reducing the amount. Secondly, not using properly clean and dried-out equipments may affect on reactants activities, such as a flask, beaker, graduated cylinders. Thirdly, solution was not homogeneous in other words, failing to mix properly for the reaction to go to completion. It was hard to judge due to very dark colour of the solution. If reaction was not fully reacted means not all cyclohexene were reacted to form protonated cyclohexanol and cyclohexyl hydrogen sulfate.Fourthly, some potassium carbonate may have entered in distillation flask which resulted in reverse reaction causing to lose more cyclohexanol. Fifthly, a small amount of product world power be lost when transferring from one container to another. Sixthly, some cyclohexanol was left in round-bottom flask in order to prevent the round-bottom flask from breaking due to over-drying or over-heating. There are a a few(prenominal) methods that would improve the accuracy of the experiments, if considered and followed with care. While recording the volume from the graduated cylinder the goal is to look for at the curve on the top of a standing body of liquid.Before experiment takes place make sure to clean all equipments that are going to be used throughout experiment to avoid any beside reactions in the experiment that may affect the final result. When transferring from one flask to other, sometimes filter penning would be a better solution to prevent unwanted product from entering into a reaction flask, and to prevent any reverse reaction to occur, such as potassium carbonate. Conclusion In this paper, distillation process for the indirect hydration of cyclohexene to cyclohexanol using sulphuric acid as an acidic catalyst is demonstrated.In the hydration process, double bond of cyclohexene is replaced by the hydroxyl group to form alcohol. Obtain reflective index of cyclohexanol is 1. 4648, and the literature value of reflective index of cyclohexanol is 1. 4641at 20C which shows that final product was very pure. The result also showed that the percent yield is only 35. 5%, it is due to the strongly acidic conditions and solubility of cyclohexanol.